Khaled and others published subsurface geology and petroleum system in the eastern offshore area, nile delta, egypt find, read and cite all the research you need on. Impacts of seawater rise on seawater intrusion in the nile. Seismic imaging and reservoir architecture of submarine. Cambridge core geomorphology and physical geography the nile basin by martin williams. Solo delta, java, indonesia growth pattern solo delta, east java mouth bar development in river mouth plume observations and modelling salinity and temperature profiles flow field and concentration of suspended matter spm analytical models outflow and deposition 3d numerical modelling indonesian delta systems. Williams4 1school of environment and development, the university of manchester, manchester m 9pl, uk 2institute of geography and earth sciences, university of wales, aberystwyth, aberystwyth sy23 3db, uk. Late palaeogene quaternary geology of halmahera, eastern indonesia. Students are given 4 hypothetical stratigraphic columns each roughly 30 m thick of deltaic deposits, 3 base maps with section locations, and a map scale. Chemical industry located in the nile delta is the main source of hazardous waste.
The geology of the modern nile catchment has largely been. To summarize briefly, gradual lifting and tilting of the earths crust along a zone that extends over 3000. Key challenges to realizing full potential in an emerging. The deltas sediments show an upward transition from marine prodelta shales akata formation through a. There is a steeply sloping delta front that faces the lake or. Projected sealevelrise scenarios for the coming decades have sharpened focus on the delta s potential resilience to rapid changes in accommodation space. The term headwater simply refers to the area of highest elevation where a river begins. Characteristics of recent oil and gas discoveries in the. In geology the formation of river deltas and braided river streams has been. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or more rarely another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment.
Initially, the classic birdfootlobate arcuatecuspate spectrum of delta types was related to increas. Sequence stratigraphy and depositional architecture of the. Even this would not be enough time to sufficiently scratch the surface pun intended of the complex planet on which we live. From the east edge of the niger delta south to the walvis. Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the nile delta basin province, eastern mediterranean. Erosion, salinization, and pollution are inducing a marked decline in. The niger delta is a major hydrocarbon producing basin in nigeria where intensive exploration and exploitation activities have been on since early 1960s owing to the discovery of commercial oil in oloibiri1 well in 1956 reijers et al. Perhaps the two hardest things to find are 2inchwide aluminum channels and crushed anthracite coal.
The present study aims to interpret the available data, that derived from well logs and 2d seismic reflection data, in the area located northeast onshore nile delta, in order to delineate its structural styles and its relation with the basement inferences and regional tectonic, and also to detect the possible existence of hydrocarbon accumulation at the tertiaryquaternary sedimentary section. Udoh 1,2department of geology, university of port harcourt, port harcourt, nigeria. Structural map of the area cenozoic pliocene generalized lithostratigraphy column of the nile delta area after egpc, 1994 geological history paleocene paleocene sediments were not appear in deep drilling in the nile delta areas that was mostly due to regional uplifts that. The investigation was primarily directed to the design of a land reclamation scheme and future development of the area. An important feature which emerged from com parisons between modern deltas is a relationship betweeen delta regime and morphology.
Tertiary niger delta akataagbada petroleum system no. A new exploration tool for subtle stratigraphic traps in. Description of the pungo river formation, north carolina depart ment of. The nile should have dried up entirely at this time, but it received additional water as a result of tectonic changes in the headwater region associated with formation of the east african rift valley. Petroleum potential of an emerging giant gas province. The river cuts many small channels through the delta plain. Reservoir geology and sequence stratigraphy of deep water sediments, offshore depobelt, niger delta, nigeria matthew o. Pdf subsurface geology of the nile delta from egpc find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Over load ing and slope in sta bil ity due to rapid, al most con tin uous.
Pdf environmental geology and environmental geophysics. Terms and conditions these materials are only for the personal use of scans members registered in geology and everyday life and are not for distribution otherwise. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very. When its time to transfer, you will have earned an associate in science degree to take with you. I was studying reservoir rocks and came across delta sandstones. The third cycle, from eocene to recent, marked the continuous growth of the main niger delta. Now, i was able to understand how, in destructive deltas, waves erode the delta and leave behind clean sand beaches which then lead to formation of rock when buried. Most of the discoveries in this basin, such as the reservoirs of the upper miocene and the middleupper pliocene, have been enabled by the use of a direct hydrocarbon indicator dhi, based. The river branches spread out in a vshaped fan and make their way towards the mediterranean through lower egypt. The confluence of thewhite nile and blue nile abay bottom right, and the stretch of the river up to lake nasser nubia and the aswan. Sediment in rivers gets deposited as the river slows down. The tertiary niger delta is one of the major regressive deltaic sequences in the world.
The nile delta area is now the major oil and gasproducing area of egypt. Delta college geology offerings include field courses in and around the upper and lower peninsulas, focusing on michigan geology and geography, as well as destinations throughout north america. Subsurface geologicalgeotechnical 3d modeling to evaluate the geohazard of the alluvial soils in tanta region, egypt. Students subdivide the stratigraphic units into subfacies and interpret subenvironments delta plain, delta front, prodelta, marine and describelist features used to make these. In 1978 golder associates carried out a major geotechnical investigation over an area of 1200 ha surrounding port said, egypt. The term delta was first applied by the greek philosopher herodotus 490 b.
The usgs approach is to define petroleum systems and geologic assessment units and assess the poten tial for undiscovered oil and gas resources. The subsea 7 work scope involves the design, procurement. Learning objectives marginal marine environments are the transitional areas between terrestrial and fully marine realms. The northern boundary is the benin flankan eastnortheast trending hinge line south of the west africa basement massif. Oct 19, 2014 500 years of not teaching the cubic formula. This study aimed to characterize the origin of natural gas and to determine whether it is biogenic, thermogenic or mixed processes which are considered the dominant generation pathways. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. View subsurface geology of nile delta research papers on academia. Nature and evolution of continental shelf sediments. Petrophysical evaluation of reservoir sand bodies, onshore field, eastern niger delta, nigeria okumokod. Geochemical analyses of mudstones from wells in the ne offshore nile delta suggest that the early miocene qantara formation has good potential. The detailed studies, undertaken by the authors during the past ten years, for most. Late palaeogenequaternary geology of halmahera, eastern indonesia.
Geological section through the sedimentary layers of the niger deltas mouth 9. Water pollution in the nile branches as well as its lakes is caused by agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and urban and industrial effluents. Mar 25, 2012 this is the second in a series of three introductory posts focused on some of the basics of deltaic physical environments. The niger delta is a large arcuate delta of the destructive, wavedominated type and is composed of an overall regressive clastic sequence which reaches a maximum thickness of about 12 km in the basin centre. Structural and stratigraphic mapping of delta field, agbada. The nile delta basin contains a thick sequence of neogene. Schoeneich geology department ahmadu bello university zaria, nigeria e. Zeydan head of water engineering department, faculty of engineering, tanta university, egypt president of ewra, member of iwra, iwa, iwha, igwmc, ahwa email. Archaeology to refine holocene subsidence rates along the. Application herein of archaeological data to geological problems helps to refine subsidencerate measurements between the flexure zone landward margin of the holocene nile delta. This resource has more than doubled in the last three years, largely from successful deep water exploration for pliocene slopechannel systems. Niger delta province, nigeria, cameroon, and equatorial guinea, africa.
Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. This chapter highlights the main factors characterizing the nile delta. Depositional history of the west nile delta upper oligocene. The offshore nile delta basin is considered as one of the most promising province in egypt which has an excellent potential gas and condensate reserves for future exploration.
The nile is an example of a wavedominated delta that has the classic greek delta. An estimate of oil window in nigeria niger delta basin from. Few countries in the world are as dependent on water from a single source as egypt. The niger delta basin, also referred to as the niger delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the niger delta and the gulf of guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of nigeria with suspected or proven access to cameroon, equatorial guinea and sao tome and principe.
It is concluded that, large areas in the coastal zone of the nile delta will be submerged by seawater and the coast line will shift landward by several kilometers in the eastern and western sides of the delta. Assessment of undiscovered petroleum in the tertiary niger delta. Some rivers drop so much sediment that waves and tides cant carry it all away. The nile delta and mediterranean deepwater trend along the northern coastline of egypt is an emerging giant gas province situated ideally for markets in the circummediterranean region. The abrupt development of pore pressure in the southern part of the nile delta is believed to be due to changes in the volume of pore fluids or rock matrix as a consequence of either aquathermal. The nile delta basin extends over a large geographical area approximately 120000 km2 located in the northeastern portion of egypt, to the northwest of sinai peninsula. Much palynological work has been done in this basin but there is little.
Pr 122 bedrock geologic map of the delta mineral belt, tok. Some deltas are so large that people can live on them. Torrential winter rains occasionally filled the channel, but no water reached the egyptian nile from south of the nubian swell, until the flow regime of. Most of egypts habitable land is within the nile delta and along the nile river. Larger, heavier particles like pebbles and sand are deposited first, whilst the lighter silt and clay only settle if the water is almost still.
An estimate of oil window in nigeria niger delta basin from recent studies j. Kurowska university of silesia department of fundamental geology sosnowiec poland abstract. Elgharib geology department, faculty of science, tanta university, 31527 tanta egypt. The nile delta is a subsiding sedimentary basin that hosts. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html. Environmental geology and environmental geophysics of northern nile delta in terms of neotectonic and physical processes introduction. Deltas have a fairly flat section called a delta plain that is above water. With the discovery of multi tcf gas fields in the western nile delta, interest in the deepwater pliocene play has increased signifi. The nile delta is roughly 500 km 310 mi wide and 800 km 500 mi long. The continental shelf off the nile delta is covered by terrigenous sands on the. Deltas form when silt and sediments accumulate at the mouths of large rivers. Investigation of the properties of recent nile delta.
Niger delta usgs pdf tertiary niger delta akataagbada petroleum system no. New sections of delta build up at the mouths of the distributaries. Remarks on the hydrogeology of the nile delta, u a r. The nile eventually discharges into the mediterranean sea. It was formed by the sedimentary processes between the upper miocene and present, then it was built up by the alluvium delivered by the old seven active branches of the nile which flowed through the delta, then humans and nature have closed five branches. A river delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Maps showing the geological setting of the niger delta in a section 8. Sheet 1, bedrock geologic map of the delta mineral belt, tok mining district, alaska, scale 1.
Subsurface geologicalgeotechnical 3d modeling to evaluate. The wadi passes through gharb darfur near the northern border with chad and meets up with the nile. The fan delta was formed at the in ter face be tween the active fan and a stand ing body of wa ter nemec and steel, 1988. Nov, 2015 7the niger delta province petroleum geology i ss 2014 facies distribution of the niger delta fig. The geology of the nile delt a is synthesize d by salem. Geology department, faculty of sciences, ain shams university, 11566 abbassia, cairo, egypt. The planets longest river, the nile, has a mouth that forms a famous triangle called the nile delta. It will be useful if the reader has already read the article on rivers before reading further. Africa middle east egypt nile delta nile delta basin west nile delta development 0.
A delta is a fan of braided streams and sediment formed when a river discharges into a larger body of water. The geology and the entrapment mechanism of the nile delta are still under discussion because the nile delta does not have any outcrops of older rocks, where it. A delta, in the geographic sense, is a deltoidshaped area determined by the major bifurcations of a river and resulting from relatively rapid deposition of riverborne sediment into a more or less still standing body of water. The natural nile cycle of flow and sediment discharge has been disrupted by human intervention, including closure of the high aswan dam. Pdf subsurface geology and petroleum system in the. Natural gas geochemistry in the offshore nile delta, egypt. The soils investigated were deep deltaic deposits of the river nile, laid down within the past 0 years. The nile delta is one of the earliest identified deltaic systems in the world. Pdf subsurface geology of the nile delta researchgate. The study of the earth, or geology, could very well take a lifetime. Brief geology of niger delta crude oil production in nigeria is produce in the niger delta of nigeria. The continental shelf off the nile delta is covered by terrigenous sands on the shore face, by terrigenous muds on the middle shelf, and by algal carbonates on the outer shelf.
Deltaic depositional facies result from interacting dynamics processes wave energy, tidal regime, currents, climate, etc. A new threefold lithostratigraphic subdivision is introduced for the niger delta subsurface, comprising an upper sandy benin formation, an intervening unit of alternating sandstone and shale named the agbada formation, and a lower shaly akata formation. The delta is formed by the division of the branches of the river nile as it flows south through the valley formed by the nile in upper egypt. A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slowermoving or stagnant water. Evolution, quaternary river environments and material fluxes jamie c. Adelta is a flat, triangularshaped deposit of land found at the mouth of a river that empties into. Structural effect on hydrocarbon trapping, north western. Figure i shows a location map of the area presented in this talk. Deltas rivers earth processes onegeology kids extra. The delta is made up mainly of alternating layers of silt and sand, laid down by the nile over the past 10 thousand years or so.
Delta annil or simply ad delta is the delta formed in lower egypt where the nile river spreads out and drains into the mediterranean sea. Nile delta phase 1 the west nile delta wnd gas development will develop a series of gas condensate fields, offshore the north coast of the arab republic of egypt. Last time, i looked at what defines a river delta as well as the timing of coastal delta formation globally around 70008000 years ago. The nile stopped flowing north during this transition, and sand dunes drifted into the abandoned river channel. Province geology the onshore portion of the niger delta province is delineated by the geology of southern nigeria and southwestern cameroon. Using a combined dataset including 3d seismic volumes, 2d profiles and 127 industrial wells, this study systematically investigated sequence stratigraphy and depositional architecture of the pearl river delta system prds during the middle miocene. Historical geologydeltas wikibooks, open books for an open. For more information on the usgsthe federal source for science about the earth, its natural and. Source rocks include jurassic coals and shales and the lower miocene. A braid delta is a coarsegrained delta that develops by progradation of a braided. As the holocene transgression began, nile mud was discharged directly on to the nile submarine fan. A fan delta is a depositional feature that is formed where an alluvial fan develops directly in a body of standing water from some adjacent highland.
It is also regarded as one of the highly productive sedimentary basins in the subsaharan africa, due to its rich hydrocarbon content. The yellow nile is a former tributary that connected the ouaddai highlands of eastern chad to the nile river valley c. Proven reservoirs vary in age from oligocene through pleistocene. The shoreline is moved to account for the seawater rise and hence the study domain and the seaside boundary are modified accordingly. Petroleum exploration in the nile delta has produced modest results to date with a few mediumsized.
Niger delta akataagbada petroleum system of9950h, chapter a. Geological and stratigraphical studies on the subsurface sequence in gibb afia2 well, northern western desert, egypt akmal m. Geology department, faculty of science, tanta university 2. Pdf what is a fan delta and how do we recognize it. The wadi passes through gharb darfur near the northern border with chad and meets up with the nile near the southern point of the great bend. Geology of the nile river catchment and hinterland. It begins south of the equator in the northcentral. The offshore nile delta basin is considered as one of the most promising hydrocarbon provinces in egypt, with an excellent potential for gas and condensate reserves following future exploration. Remarks on the hydrogeology of the nile delta, u ar. It is one of the worlds largest river deltasfrom alexandria in the west to port said in the east, it covers 240 km 150 mi of mediterranean coastline and is a rich agricultural region. Construction plans for the desktop delta model desktop delta construction guide acrobat pdf 879kb jun27 08 the desktop delta was designed to be made from easilyavailable materials and with fairly limited machineshop skills.
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